Pharmacotherapy for Clients Dependent on a Substance Essay

Medications approved by the FDA for treatment of alcohol and opioid dependence, including acamprosate, disulfiram, naltrexone, methadone, and buprenorphine, have not been widely studied in the dually diagnosed population. Often, study participation criteria exclude individuals with co-occurring substance use disorders and mental illness, and it is only in recent years that research specifically focused on this population has become more common. Pharmacotherapy has also been underutilized in practice. A survey of 955 bipolar individuals found that while 8% met criteria for a current alcohol use disorder and 5% met criteria for a current non-alcohol substance use disorder, only 0.4% received disulfiram, methadone, naltrexone, and/or†¦show more content†¦There is a dearth of research on the use of acamprosate in the collective dually diagnosed population, attributable perhaps to its relatively recent approval in 2004. There is, however, evidence supporting the use of disulfiram and naltrexone. In a landmark study, Croop et al. (1997) found naltrexone to be safe among 865 clients. Although this study did not specifically focus on dually diagnosed clients, such clients were common in both the treatment and placebo groups, so the research is clinically relevant. A later review of 72 clients receiving naltrexone for alcoholism showed good treatment retention (81.9% completed the 8 week study) and good clinical response (82% reduced drinking by at least 75% and only 17% relapsed at 8 weeks) (Maxwell Shinderman, 2000). In a later placebo-controlled study of 254 outpatient clients with diverse psychiatric disorders and co-occurring alcohol dependence, Petrakis and colleagues (2005) found that use of disulfiram or naltrexone was associated with a significant reduction in drinking days per week, and an increase in consecutive days of abstinence, compared to placebo. 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Medical Legal Importance of Bones - 1058 Words

Bones are defined to be rigid organs that constitute part of endoskeleton of vertebrates. Bones are important medico-legally in various aspects. Before bones are to be used for any medico-legal examination, there are certain things to take care of. Many a times, the bones are fragmented, burnt, mixed with wood, or decolorized to such extents that a direct examination of the bone without establishing the following facts would result in wrong interpretation. 1. Whether the specimens are bone or not. This may be identified by physical examination, chemical examination, microscopy of a section, etc. 2. Whether the bones are human in origin or not. Many a times, bones are recovered in such degraded states that even experts of osteology find it difficult to confirm the human origin with mere physical examination. A chemical test such as precipitin test would come handy in such cases. 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Classroom Observation Essay Research Paper My middle free essay sample

Classroom Observation Essay, Research Paper My in-between school observation was with a seventh-grade English category at the New Boston Middle School on February 16, 2001. Mrs. Messer was the instructor and she really remembered me as one of her pupils in the same category several old ages ago. The helper principal, Mary Lovelace, was the one to delegate where I was to detect. The schoolroom was organized with the desk organizing to do a # 8220 ; T # 8221 ; with the underside of the # 8220 ; T # 8221 ; being at the overhead projector in the forepart of the category. Mrs. Messer sat on a stool at this overhead projector for the bulk of the category period. The usage of the operating expense is more effectual in learning than utilizing a blackboard, in my belief. It attracts the pupils attending better because it # 8217 ; s easier to see and brighter than the dull-looking blackboard. At the dorsum of the room were two computing machines and on the side was a little desk for Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on Classroom Observation Essay Research Paper My middle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Messer, much unlike those that I remember instructors holding. It was about the size of a pupil # 8217 ; s desk. This made me believe that possibly the instructors are passing more clip in forepart of the schoolroom learning than they are passing at their desks, so they used to be. Posters of English-related topics covered the walls of the schoolroom and they were targeted more towards the pupil # 8217 ; s coevals. Besides the schoolroom being decorated with English and holding good desk organisation, it did look to be mussy. I got the feeling that this instructor might be a battalion rat. Though, I don # 8217 ; t see that being negative towards the pupil # 8217 ; s acquisition. Mrs. Messer gave good, elaborate waies, and she chose pupils at random to do certain they understood. When Mrs. Messer divided the pupils into survey groups, I noticed her picking certain pupils out of the category to set into certain groups. This was an illustration of likely heterogenous grouping. I assumed that because they were analyzing, she might hold been taking smarter childs and blending them with slower childs to assist them analyze. Although, she could hold been grouping them homogeneously and allowing them survey with kids at the same developmental degree. To acquire the category of pupil # 8217 ; s attending, she wou ld say â€Å"class† in a louder tone of voice than she normally spoke in. Besides, Mrs. Messer acted with the pupils as if they would believe of her as â€Å"cool† . She talked to them as though she related to them, joked around with them, and dressed really fashionable. For every category period, Mrs. Messer had a competition traveling called â€Å"Star Wars† . She would give the category period that participated the most each twenty-four hours a star for that twenty-four hours. The category was really aroused that they had the most stars and were traveling to be holding a Pizza Party. This is a good illustration of how operant conditioning is used in learning. Mrs. Messer had faith in all her pupils. When she would name on them, she addressed them as Mr. or Ms. This manner she was giving the student’s regard in the same manner they should give her regard. The pupils were non as attentive in category as the pupil # 8217 ; s in the kindergarten category and the third-grade category that I observed. I saw a twosome of pupil # 8217 ; s, both misss, working on other category prep while the instructor was traveling over nouns and pronouns. Some pupil # 8217 ; s seemed bored by puting their caputs on their desks or resting their caput in the thenar of their manus. All the pupils interacted good with each other. There were some pupils that seemed really competitory with replying inquiries. Although, the childs worked good with others, rooting for those who were called on to reply inquiries, and speaking and discoursing while working in groups together. Sing I am a secondary instruction major, I found it really dry that of all the schoolrooms I have observed, this was likely my least favourite. The instructor was really good, and the pupils seemed to bask being in her category, but I wasn # 8217 ; t every bit amused as I have been in the simple school categories. Although, I did larn that childs, as they go through the adolescent old ages, seem to be less interested in larning so kids of younger ages. However, I besides learned that as a instructor, associating to the childs is really effectual and of import. The pupils seemed a batch more antiphonal to Mrs. Messer than they likely would be to any other instructor of her age, because she was, what they would see, cool. 331