The american civil war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The american civil war - Essay Example At the same time the power that was accorded to the slave owners at this time in the national politics arena became waned while on the other hand the North and South were having divergent economies being developed (Griess 56). These situations could not help in any way to hold back the civil war from coming to a reality in America. In this paper, it is these specific events that led to the American Civil War that have been clearly analyzed so as to draw clearly the picture that gave rise to the Civil War. Sectionalism The different customs, social structure, economies and the political values that marked the North and the South are what historians have named as sectionalism this was a phase that increased rapidly during the years 1800 and 1860, a period during which the North was phasing out slavery from existence as urbanization, industrialization and prosperous farms was what was taking over in the North. On the other hand, the South was putting more emphasis on plantation agricult ure whose main basis was slavery alongside subsistence farming that was a characteristic of the whites who were poor. It has been argued out that this striking difference that existed between the industrialized North and the agricultural South could have been a cause of the war. During the year 1851, many states that were in the South held constitutional conventions so as to have a forum to put into consideration the issues of secession and nullification (Griess 61). The Southern conventions had been dominated by Unionists as they voted down the secession articles. This was only with the exception of the South Carolina whose election convention offered no any option for â€Å"no secession†. The Southern Carolina instead offered room for the option only with the collaboration of other states within the region. As a matter of fact, the two party systems that had remained relatively stable during the period between 1820 and 1850 were being compromised by the fact that there was rapid mass democracy that was extending to the North and South. Free Labor vs. Slave Labor It is argued by historians that a free labor ideology had been made to dominate the Northern region, a fact that had ensured that economic opportunities were created in more proportions as compared to the Southern Americans who described free labor as being greasy mechanics. The Southerners strongly opposed the issue of free labor alongside the homestead laws that had been proposed to be offered to the free farms in the west. This was in fear of the fact that the small farmers who were in the region would be influenced into opposing the plantation slavery. It was as a result of this main ideology that the Southerners mainly represented by Calhoun argued the fact that slavers in itself was a â€Å"positive good† (Griess 40). As a matter of fact, the view that was held by the Southerners argued that slavery brought more civilization, morality and intellectuality to the people who were for tunate enough to be chosen as slaves. Missouri Compromise 1820 Uproar was created by James Tallmadge, Jr. Of New York when he brought the proposition that had two amendments to a particular bill aiming at admitting Missouri as a free state to the Union. The first amendment mainly involved

Legal Issues Essay Example for Free

Legal Issues Essay From both a spiritual and an ethical perspective Benji Watson should not sign the contract being offered at New Gen Health Sciences. Completely understanding that he is newly out of college, most likely with student loans and upcoming bills he is responsible for, an extremely decent salary of $80,000 looks very ideal for him. In this day and poor economy the average graduated student would jump at the opportunity to accept a high ranked position like this. It is not everyday one gets invited to attend a weekend long event with a company like New Gen. To be lavished by free merchandise for like an iPad and polo shirts. One of my favorites quotes is, â€Å"They best things in life are free.† For many that would have finalized the deal, but money is not everything. In the Holy Bible Jesus teaches us about money. â€Å"Do not store up for yourselves treasures on the earth, where moth and rust destroy, and where thieves break in and steal. But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where moth and rust do not destroy, and where thieves do not break in and steal. For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.† (Matthew 6:19-21 NIV) Jesus makes it clear that having the wrong treasures leads to our hearts being in the wrong place. What we treasure the most ends up controlling us. Statistics show that young Americans who possess a college degree struggle at mediocre paying jobs all across the United States. I do not know Benji’s financial situation, whether or not he desperately needs this job in order to survive but should he compromise his spiritual and ethical beliefs for this job? I truly do not think it’s worth losing self-dignity. God said that he would provide all of our needs, so regardless I think Benji should rest on that promise. My spiritual mind is telling me that one should never exploit their beliefs for a company’s gain. Spiritually speaking I believe in the faith I have in Jesus Christ. I feel as though if Benji accepts this position he would be settling. If New Gen offered a nice salary plus bonuses, I am sure they are more ethical companies out there willing to hire a well-educated college graduate such as Benji. The fact this company willingly falsely advertised their company for consumers discredits it as a whole for me. Putting up a facade shows the lack of integrity New Gen shows. Business ethics is the study of what makes up good and bad conduct as related to business actions and values. (Kubasek, 2012) In the business world CEO’s and top leaders decide whether or not they’ll follow good ethics  for there company. Clearly Benji sees the dark route New Gen is taking. Not only are they dishonest with investors and distributors, who poured into the company leading to profits, but also consumers. What disturbed me most as a Christian was when the CEO placed himself on such a high pedestal addressing the large crowd at the pep rally. Disrespecting the Christian faith, using the word salvation in a negative way to hype the crowd bothered me. â€Å"Do not be deceived: God cannot be mocked. A man reaps what he sows. The one who sows to please his sinful nature, from that nature will reap destruction; the one who sows to please the Spirit, from the Spirit will reap eternal life. â€Å" (Galatians 6:7-8 NIV) As a believer I would not be comfortable working for a man who disrespected and took my faith so lightly and used it for personal gain. Furthermore the company showed mixed messages in regard to the possible hiring of Benji. New Gen Health Services made it seem like they didn’t interview him based on his Master’s degree, but because they assumed he was a Christian who could â€Å"talk the talk† to hoard new distributors in. Why would anyone want to work for a company who just wants to exploit you in order to increase the company’s profits and to potentially negatively hurt these lured distributors in the long run? God calls us to do good and live like Jesus. â€Å"So in everything, do to others what you would have them do to you, for this sums up the Law and the Prophets.† (Matthew 7:12 NIV) I feel another big reason why Benji shouldn’t sign the contract is because the true motivation for New Gen is corrupt. It is the motivation for the action that determines whether the act is fundamentally ethical or economic. (Dobson, 2012) There is a clear distinction of what form of ethic New Gen chose to do. They went the strategic-ethic path, aiming for the best monetary results for them. The economic benefits to be derived from superficially ethical behavior can be significant. (Dobson, 2012) If Benji did consider signing the contract with New Gen he may have felt that this is how all businesses are run in the real world. The scheme â€Å"Get rich quick!† is popular among many. It is common to familiarize such with corporate culture which is defines as a set of characteristics that define a business. It involves employee attitudes, standards (policy and procedures),  and rites and rituals. Though I believe that this is true and common, I know that they are plenty of businesses choose to do differently. Lastly Benji should avoid signing that contract because he’ll have to deal with his conscience. Would God be pleased with his decision to join such a corrupt company? Would Benji himself be content and comfortable waking up everyday to work for people who truly don’t care about anyone but themselves? I believe the answer to those questions are â€Å"no†. They are so many opportunities for Benji, he just needs to grasp them! In conclusion I am certain Benji is better off working for a company who truly acknowledges good business and spiritual ethics. References (1997) Life Application Study Bible. New International Version. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc (2013) What is Corporate Culture? Retrieved on November 19, 2013 from http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-corporate-culture.htm Kubasek, N. K., Brennan, B. A. Browne, M. N. (2012). The legal environment of business: A critical thinking approach (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Sinner vs. the Sin in Dantes Divine Comedy Essay -- Divine Comedy Inf

Sinner vs. the Sin in the Divine Comedy Often when we set out to journey in ourselves, we come to places that surprise us with their strangeness. Expecting to see what is straightforward and acceptable, we suddenly run across the exceptions. Just as we as self†¹examiners might encounter our inner demons, so does Dante the writer as he sets out to walk through his Inferno. Dante explains his universe - in terms physical, political, and spiritual - in the Divine Comedy. He also gives his readers a glimpse into his own perception of what constitutes sin. By portraying characters in specific ways, Dante the writer can shape what Dante the pilgrim feels about each sinner. Also, the reader can look deeper in the text and examine the feelings that Dante, as a writer and exiled Florentine, may have felt about his particular characters. Dante shows through his poetry some admiration for certain sinners, as if in life he had reason to respect their actions on earth, only to mourn their souls' fate. In the case of P ier Delle Vigne, it is clear that Dante wishes to clear the name of the damned soul that has been conscripted to hell for the shame of unjust dishonor. At the beginning of Canto 13 we find Dante the pilgrim entering the wood of the suicides. He has grown stronger in will at the sight of each circle of torment, yet he approaches this one with a sense of wonder concerning the meaning of the suffering. Here the trees are black and gnarled, with branches that bear "poison thorns instead of fruit"(l.6). The souls of suicides will never be productive, presenting even in death, which they hoped would free them, only negativity. Here the pilgrim learns the sinful nature of suicide, it being an aberration of ... ... of Pier delle Vigne has a dual purpose: both to teach about the sin of taking one's life, but also to show how the value of one's own life can still drive one to destroy it. There are many similar conflicts in the Inferno. The lesson that must be learned is to balance judgement with compassion, but not let the emotions cloud the nature of sin. It is important to learn the true path to righteousness, but also important not to miss the many complicated nuances of life along the way. Just as Dante the poet felt conflicting feelings about the sinners he portrayed as damned souls, readers of the inferno should also consider the many different aspects of each character's portrayal. Works Cited Ciardi, John, trans. The Divine Comedy. In The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, Expanded Edition. Vol. I. Ed. Maynard Mack. New York: W.W. Norton, 1995.

Economic Factors have been of dominant concern in Australian Foreign Po

‘ECONOMIC FACTORS HAVE BEEN THE DOMINANT CONCERN IN AUSTRALIAN FOREIGN POLICY OVER THE PAST 25 YEARS.’ During the past 25 years, Australian Foreign Policy has consisted of a balance between economic and security priorities. No government can afford to focus on one to the detriment of the other. During the Hawke and Keating era (1983-1996), economic factors were of significant importance as we were in a region that was growing rapidly, faster than any other region in the world. Although having said this, it can be argued that there were exceptions whereby security initiatives were of equal concern to the government. In the current day (Howard era), it is possible to view that there is a higher emphasis on security initiatives than ever before due to being situated in a heavily volatile region (Arc of Instability). Having said this, there once again has been emphasis on the economic growth and prosperity of our nation at the same time, via the use of Trade Agreements and other forms of economic policy. This indicates that although there have been concern on economic factors in the past 25 years in relation to Australian Foreign Policy (AFP) decisions, there has also been a balanced emphasis on security factors during this period. There is no doubt that during the Hawke/Keating era (83-96) economic priorities received significant emphasis in Australian Foreign Policy decisions. To promote the economic growth and increase of trade in the Asia Pacific Region, the Hawke government embarked on a period of ‘enmeshment’ within the region. Keating proposed this enmeshment with neighboring â€Å"Tiger Economies† by co-founding the APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Corporation), in 1989. Focused on facilitating economic growth, cooperation, trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region, it was seen as being crucial to maintain healthy international diplomatic relations within the Asia - Pacific region. This was largely due to the strengthening trading blocks such as the EU (European Union) and NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement). These trading blocks exclusively stipulated that major trading was being transacted via these member economies and was ruling Australia out of many valuable markets. This reinforced that Australia must turn towards its own region for the concentration of developing itself as a strong economy and therefore founded the APEC organization under it... ...ing economic growth in the Asia Pacific Region, whilst also maintaining a fair market for the trade of agricultural goods. On the other hand particular focus was also placed on the national security interests on Australia with the participation in the 1991 Gulf War, in an attempt to strengthen our military ties with the USA and also strengthen ties via the ANZUS Treaty. However it can also be seen during the Howard era that Foreign Policy focus was primarily on a balance between security and economic objectives via the implementation of the â€Å"Helpem Fren† initiative in the Solomon Islands and Enhanced Cooperation Program in Papua New Guinea, there were also factors that determined a focus on security initiatives along with this economic focus. This was through Australia’s participation in the Gulf War to improve our military relationship and ‘insurance policy’ with the USA. Economic factors that were also in the Australian government interests for t he nation, was the bilateral free trade agreement with the USA. After evaluating both of these national parties and eras it can concluded that no government can afford to focus on one area of foreign policy to the detriment of the other.

Comparison and Contrast of The Hobbit Novel and The Hobbit Films Essay

The Hobbit: An unexpected journey and The Hobbit: The desolation of Smaug had a great director; Peter Jackson to keep every original concept that J. R. R. Tolkien would have in mind if he was the one to direct these movies. They kept that it’s not only about getting Dwarves their homeland back, but the development of a quiet, stay at home and stay safe Hobbit. Most of the characters were well interpreted into the movie like Thorin’s greed for the Arkenstone, how that is his childhood and the kingdom was balanced on the Arkenstone’s power. The films kept the same feeling that one would get from reading the novel. A Hobbit on his adventure, there and back again. Though they kept the same feeling, scenes and characters occurred even though they were never included in the novel. Tauriel was a she-elf that created a love triangle between Kili and Legolas. In the book, Kili goes with the other dwarves, entering Smaug’s lair. In the film, he gets a injured in the leg by an arrow that becomes infected and he’s forced to stay in Laketown with Bard and the others, and Tauriel and Fili his brother. Their deaths will become different from the original story. Also the size of Smaug became enormous compared to the book and J. R. R. Tolkien had his own artwork of the rough size of this dragon and the amount of gold he settled in. The treasure and how much dragon remained under the mountain was blown off the scale. These differences hardly impact the plot, but those are some differences between The Hobbit novel and The Hobbit movies.

How to Write the Nuclear Symbol of an Atom

How to Write the Nuclear Symbol of an Atom This worked problem demonstrates how to write nuclear symbol for an atom when given the number of protons and neutrons in an isotope. Nuclear Symbol Problem Write the nuclear symbol for an atom with 32 protons and 38 neutrons. Solution Use a Periodic Table to look up the element with an atomic number of 32. The atomic number indicates how many protons are in an element. The nuclear symbol indicates the composition of the nucleus. The atomic number (number of protons) is a subscript at the lower left of the symbol of the element. The mass number (sum of the protons and neutrons) is a superscript to the upper left of the element symbol. For example, the nuclear symbols of the element hydrogen are: 11H, 21H, 31H Pretend that the superscipts and subscripts line up on top of each other - they should do so in your homework problems, even though they dont in my computer example ;-) Answer The element with 32 protons is germanium, which has the symbol Ge.The mass number is 32 38 70, so the nuclear symbol is (again, pretend the superscripts and subscripts line up): 7032Ge

Free Guide to Writing an Effective Resume

Free Guide to Writing an Effective Resume What Is a Resume? A resume is a compilation of your work experience, academic experience, and accomplishments. Resumes are usually used by employers and admissions committees who want to know more about a particular candidate.   Effective vs. Ineffective Resumes The main difference between an ineffective resume and an effective resume is that an ineffective resume gets ignored, and an effective resume leads to a follow-up phone call of interview request.  Ã‚   The Most Important Aspect of Resume Writing Resume writing can seem like an intimidating task, but it’s actually easier than you think. Your resume only has one job to do: It must pique the interest of your potential employer. That’s it. It doesn’t have to tell your life story and it doesn’t have to answer every question a potential employer might have. Detail Previous Experience Detail your previous experience. Think about your background and past experiences. Take what you learned in business school and apply it to the job you seek. Emphasize relevant skills and related accomplishments. Academic Experience Academic qualifications can really give your resume an edge. If you have degrees, certifications, or specialized training, note it. Try to include any related unpaid work that you have done, such as internships. Youll also want to detail any certifications or licenses that you hold. Hobbies Think very carefully before listing your hobbies on your resume. A good rule of thumb is to avid mentioning your hobbies unless they directly apply to the job that you are going out for. Concentrate only on what demonstrates your value; leave everything else out. If you are going to include your hobbies, make sure that they are hobbies that look good on a resume. Use Industry Terms Using industry terms in your resume is a good idea. It is also smart to use these terms to tailor your resume. To do this, start by  researching the companies  that interest you. Next, read publications or websites directly related to your target industry. Are there particular requirements that are frequently mentioned? If so, use these requirements as keywords throughout your resume. Learn more about how to write a targeted resume. Resume Action Words As you are writing, try not to use the same words over and over. Avoiding repetition will make your resume more exciting. Drop in some of the following action words to jazz things up a bit: AccomplishedAchievedAttainedCompletedCreatedDeliveredDemonstratedEnhancedExpandedImprovedIncreasedManagedObtainedPerformedProducedSecuredSucceededSurpassed See more examples of action words and power verbs for your resume. Resume Structure and Layout Next, make sure everything is neatly typed and spelled correctly. Your resume should be eye-catching without being flashy. Above all, it should be easy to read. If you need ideas for layout and resume structure, find resume samples online or go to the library and study a book. Both outlets will offer many examples of professionally written resumes. (A great online place is: jobsearch.about.com) Resume Proofreading When your resume is finished, read it over carefully and make sure that it properly demonstrates your value as an employee. Use this resume proofreading checklist to catch everything. If you have written an effective invitation to employers, all you need to do now is sit back and wait for the phone to ring.

Good vs. Well, Bad vs. Badly

Good vs. Well, Bad vs. Badly Good vs. Well, Bad vs. Badly Good vs. Well, Bad vs. Badly By Maeve Maddox Do you cringe when you ask someone â€Å"How are you?† and the person replies, â€Å"I’m good†? Why? Perhaps, like me, you are expecting the response to be â€Å"I’m well, thank you,† and the â€Å"I’m good† offends your expectations. However, if your complaint is that good is an adjective and well is an adverb, you’re on thin ice. The fact that well is the adverbial form of good is irrelevant because in this expression, both good and well are being used as adjectives. Good and well function as more than one part of speech: The diner is noted for good food. (adjective) A true statesman is dedicated to the common good. (noun) You speak French well. (adverb) He was ill, but now he is well. (adjective) Life is like a well. (noun) As an adjective, well is usually used to mean â€Å"sound in health,† or â€Å"recovered from sickness.† An earlier sense of â€Å"prosperous† survives in the expressions â€Å"well to do,† and â€Å"well off.† One of the numerous meanings of good is â€Å"morally commendable, virtuous.† This definition is invoked by speakers who wish to ridicule the â€Å"I’m good† response. For example, in an episode of 30 Rock, Tracy Jordan corrects another character who has said â€Å"I’m good† this way: â€Å"Superman is good; you’re well.† Another meaning of good is â€Å"satisfactory, unimpaired, not depressed or dejected.† Although the â€Å"I’m good† response still strikes many ears as colloquial at best, it is not ungrammatical. Speakers who object to the usage are free to avoid it in their own speech, but they may wish to refrain from ridiculing its use in the speech of others. While we’re at it, this may be a good place to mention a common error with the adjective bad and its adverbial form badly. Here are some incorrect uses of badly from the web: Facebook makes us feel badly about ourselves. I think awards just make the other kids who didn’t get awards feel badly. Maybe her intention isn’t to make you feel badly, and you’re making yourself feel badly. I guess I just sometimes feel badly for my extrovert kids. These are all from commenters and amateur bloggers, but even professional writers fall into the error: People who go through life applying a measuring ruler against every situation judging its â€Å"fairness† will often feel badly and negative because of it. –John M. Grohol, Doctor of Psychology You must never feel badly about making mistakes† Norton Juster, The Phantom Tollbooth In each instance, the expression should be â€Å"feel bad,† not â€Å"feel badly.† Badly is an adverb. It must be used with a verb that expresses an action. Feel can be either a linking verb or an action verb, but when it is used in the sense of experiencing an emotion, it is a linking verb and takes an adjective to complete it: â€Å"I feel bad.† As an action verb, feel means â€Å"to handle† or â€Å"to touch.† For example, a person who â€Å"feels badly† would have trouble learning to read Braille. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating Conjunctions40 Fish Idioms10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for â€Å"Leader† or â€Å"Official†

My Hurricane Katrina Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My Hurricane Katrina Experience - Essay Example Finally my family was able to move into our home only in October 2007. My family left New Orleans on August 28, 2005 to live with my uncle in Livonia, Louisiana. We stayed there until the Christmas Break. I attended the Livonia High School for one month, transferred to Catholic High in New Roads, Louisiana. While attending Livonia High School I had a very sad experience of being treated unfairly on the basis of my race. I was even called racist names by some of the fellow students. This was tearing me apart as I had never undergone such a nasty experience. At times, I used to feel very angry and started losing my temper. I felt like fighting with those students. The Peer pressure almost would have resulted in my doing something that I would have surely regretted later. I Prayed to GOD and asked him to control my temper and change the hearts of those who were treating me wrongly. My prayers were answered and after some time those who treated me wrongly became my friends. This was indeed a very frightening, fearful, and furious experience for me.

COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS - Essay Example This is complemented by the low salaries in the country which would be effective in saving cost of the firm. An overview of the situation has been provided with regard to the culture barriers and differences between the two countries using Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. This is important to know the behaviour of people in the country where the company wants to operate. Based on the cultural differences, suitable recommendations have been provided to remove or utilise the differences. Lastly, the future of India’s outsourcing industry has been analysed and presented. Terms of Reference The project discusses about an outsourcing firm based in India. It is an IT company operating from USA. The company is named as ABC IT Solutions. The company has entered into partnerships with the local firms in India to take up their outsourced activities. The company has partnered with the outsourcing firm to take assignments on the IT enabled services. The firm has also taken up the bu siness process outsourcing activities of the company. The IT services that have been outsourced by the company are data mining, data warehousing, IT consulting, e-Commerce, and software development. The business process outsourcing includes such crucial activities like Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Enterprise Resource Management (ERP). The main purpose of outsourcing the above activities is to save cost of the company. Since India’s labour cost is lower than that in USA, the company has set up its outsourcing operations in the country. The BPO market in India has been expanding at a fast rate. It is estimated that the BPO market in India would grow by 19% in 2013. The sector has become extremely organised and has become the focus of a number of multinational companies (India Current Affairs, 2010). Overview of the Situation It is critical that a globally integrated organisation shapes its management, operations and strategies in a g lobal way. This company has been facing crisis implementing its strategies in the BPO on India. Firstly, the managers are confronted with the problem of coordinating resources like material, human and finance in meeting its business objectives successfully (Wursten, 2008, p.1). They are also faced with the problem of combining the culture differences prevailing between the two countries. The effective means of combination in USA may not necessarily be effective in India. The culture clash may take place between the client and the service provider at two levels; the corporate culture and the national/regional culture. With regards to the corporate culture, the speed with which a service is provided, or the norms followed with regard to decision making, style or organisational structure may be different between the client and the service provider (McCray, 2008, p.6). Another potential cause of clash could arise out of the fact that the process of outsourcing represents commercial rela tionships between two completely different entities. Organisations could take inflexible and extreme positions which could create a sense of distrust or tension between the two (McCray, 2008, p.6). Among the national or regional inhibitors, there could be language barriers which could create communication problems. Also the expectations regarding open debates, acknowledgement of problems or willingness to adopt different work techniques to

Innovation of Emirates 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Innovation of Emirates 2 - Essay Example Appraisal of the Organization The Emirates Airlines has had a profitable run for a while now, and this calls for an in depth look at the company. This will involve looking at the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities that the company has and the threats that the company has to its profitability. Strengths of the Airline As seen above, the company has managed to be profitable within the economic downturn that has faced many of her competitors. This certainly points to the strength that this company has to its advantage. One strong point of this company is the level of stability in terms of management that the company has. In light with this, the company is able to transact with its clients who have a high level of trust that the company will deliver when it promises to do so. Another upside to the state ownership is the fact the company has a secure source of funding for its existent or future plans. Unlike most other airlines that compete with the Emirates Airlines, t he issue of funding does not bring in as much headache as it does to a lot of her competitors. This is because the state is in complete control of the airline and has a much wider purse with which it can fund the airline’s operations. This, to a large extent explains why the company has been able to remain successful in the long run. The airline is also committed to the use of technology in improving its services. The company has embraced the use of online booking of its tickets as a way of easing congestion as well as improving the overall customer experience. The company has adopted the use of Verified by Visa (VbV) technology (Pan and Polishuk 2004). This is a move that has been calculated to ensure that the airline has a safer mode of transaction with its clients. Aside from that, this technology is also poised to place the airline on a leadership vantage point in relation to its competitors. In addition, this has the advantage of mounting the trust that the clients place on the airline securing their return services. The airline has also strength in terms of the services that it offers to its travellers. The premium customers will get a limousine ride from their homes or office to the airport (Shaw 2011). This action, which is part, of the company’s product differentiation strategy, is calculated to encourage more clients to explore the premium package. This is further accentuated by the services that the clients will get once they arrive at the airport. These services include a kerbside check-in facility to eliminate the hustle of carrying heavy language into the terminal and further a luxurious lounge and ease for the passenger during checking-in (Shaw 2011). This, obviously remove many of the hustles that go with travelling. Therefore, this has had the effect of ensuring that customer loyalty is upheld as well as customer comfort throughout their travel. Weaknesses of the Airline The airline has a number of issues that limit its performan ce. Some of these issues have a lot to do with the ownership and by extension the management of the airline. Accordingly, the government, having full ownership of the airline highly controls the running of the airline’s operations. The government’s say in the running of the airline is a hindrance in many times (Betz 2010). Though the government having a say in the airline is not such a bad thing in the ultimate outlook, it may constitute interference when it decides to overhaul a decision that the airlines’

Biology question to be answered Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biology question to be answered - Coursework Example a situation in which organisms from different species compete for the same shared limited resources like food, water and space in which the less fit organism loses. This is a -/+ relationships. Predation, on the other hand, is whereby the predator kills then feeds on the prey while herbivory involves the herbivores feeding on the primary producer.(+/- relationship). Parasitism is a relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of the other but they do not kill the host. Only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level. Most is used in metabolism, and the rest lost through excretion, hence making the successive level be smaller (Townsend et al., 2000). Ecosystems obtain all its energy from the sun that is transformed into chemical energy through photosynthesis in primary producers (plants) and moves up the trophic levels. It is converted to other forms like heat. Matter cycles through the ecosystem in various stages. For example, plants use carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere together with sunlight to make food. Primary consumers consume this food like human beings. Once these consumers die, carbon is stored in fossil fuel that may be mined in future and burned releasing

Clinical psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Clinical psychology - Essay Example A licensed clinical or counseling psychologist usually requires a doctoral degree for employment. Psychologists with a Ph.D. qualify for a wide range of teaching, research, clinical, and counseling positions in universities, elementary and secondary schools, private industry, and government. To work in a clinical position a Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) degree is usually required. (College Grad.com.) The prospects for job growth are expected to be faster than the average for all careers through 2012. The average yearly income of clinical psychologists in 2003 was $58,640, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Psychologists study about the human mind and behavior. They formulate hypotheses and collect data to test their validity. Depending on the topic under study, the research methods may vary. Controlled laboratory experiments, personality, performance, aptitude, and intelligence tests may be used to collect information. In addition, other methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, clinical studies, and surveys may also be used. The knowledge gained by psychologists is applied to health and human services, management, education, law, and sports. Clinical psychologists constitute the largest specialty in psychology. They often work in counseling centers, independent or group practices, hospitals, or clinics. Some clinical psychologists work in physical rehabilitation centers. Others may work in universities and medical schools, where they train graduate students in mental health and behavioral medicine. Some are involved in community mental health programs. The range of work includes helping mentally and emotionally disturbed persons, helping people deal with personal crisis like divorce or death of a close person, helping medical and surgical patients to deal with their illnesses or injuries, treating patients with spinal cord injuries, chronic pain or illness, stroke, arthritis, and neurological conditions. They often

Biology question to be answered Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biology question to be answered - Coursework Example a situation in which organisms from different species compete for the same shared limited resources like food, water and space in which the less fit organism loses. This is a -/+ relationships. Predation, on the other hand, is whereby the predator kills then feeds on the prey while herbivory involves the herbivores feeding on the primary producer.(+/- relationship). Parasitism is a relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of the other but they do not kill the host. Only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level. Most is used in metabolism, and the rest lost through excretion, hence making the successive level be smaller (Townsend et al., 2000). Ecosystems obtain all its energy from the sun that is transformed into chemical energy through photosynthesis in primary producers (plants) and moves up the trophic levels. It is converted to other forms like heat. Matter cycles through the ecosystem in various stages. For example, plants use carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere together with sunlight to make food. Primary consumers consume this food like human beings. Once these consumers die, carbon is stored in fossil fuel that may be mined in future and burned releasing

Analyze papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyze papers - Essay Example The colleges are cheaper and high school pay an average of $ 2,544 per year. The colleges attain high enrollment despite the harsh economic conditions in the society (Boggs p 3). Thesis: American colleges are democratic, diverse and offer equal opportunities in access of quality education American colleges are democratic since citizens have equal access regardless of age, gender, race or ethnic background. The education is accessible, quality and ensures a learning lifeline for the rural communities. The community colleges offer critical workforce for the nation since a majority of the first responders including firefighters, police officers and paramedics have postsecondary credentials (Boggs p 3). The education provide local economies with required skills such as the Alabama Southern Community College that offers paper technology programs to the pulp industries and Gulf Coast colleges that offer petrochemical technical programs. The colleges are inclusive and diverse in terms of na tionality, ethnicity, social economic status and disability composition of the student population (Boggs 4). All American politicians and educationists agree that education guarantees American competitiveness and productivity (Delbanco p 1). American colleges keep pace with knowledge economy through providing the required skills and expertise in the industries. Although education has existed since Ancient Greece and Rome, American colleges have gone further to formalize the education system by grant of the teaching license and modern colleges with library facilities. American colleges have specialized education and strive to reach many people as possible including women. Inclusion of need-based policies ensures equal access of education among social classes without any regard to social status or birth status of the individual. Interestingly, students from affluent families have chances of gaining admission to nonprofit colleges and gain knowledge on American and international cultur es (Delbanco 3). Unlike other college systems that aim at attaining higher employment rates like Chinese, American college system aim at enabling the multi-cultural student population to learn from each other. Indeed, a landmark case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) demonstrated that inter-racial student population enables interchange of ideas and interaction of consciences. American colleges have utilized technology to ensure higher access and reduce costs associated with small classes per faculty. The hybrid model allow for electronic instruction and assessment. However, the standardized testing system of other countries such as China and Belgium is slowly gaining inroads in US decentralized system with the No Child Left behind Program assessment program proposed by President Barrack Obama. The standardized system will undermine liberal education ideologies, but will cater for the cost, use of technology and increase the transition from the school to coll ege. However, some qualities such as creativity, humility and insight in to ethical behaviors are immeasurable using standardized testing. American college system is under revolution due to increase in the use of information technology, globalization, inadequacy of secondary education and high debate on skills needed in the economy. Accordingly, older students are faced with challenges such as family demands,

Natural human caused Disasters Essay Example for Free

Natural human caused Disasters Essay 1. The rigs malfunctioning blowouts preventer ultimately failed, but it was needed only because of human errors. Those errors originated with a team of BP engineers in Houston, such as 1. Fewer barriers to gas flow 2. Fewer centralizers to keep cement even 3. No bond log to check cement integrity 4. Pressure test misinterpreted 5. Mud barrier removed early 6. Blowouts preventer failed. 2. In the months following the Gulf oil disaster, wildlife managers, rescue crews scientists and researchers saw many immediate impacts of the oil impacting wildlife. Oil coated birds feathers, causing birds to lose their buoyancy and the ability to regulate body temperature. Mammals ingested oil causing internal bleeding, sea turtles covered in oil, dead and dying sea coral. 3. Many humans experienced respiratory problems he developed during the cleanup of the BP oil spill. People can be exposed to the chemicals in oil by breathing them, by swallowing them, or by touching them. Previous studies show consistent evidence of acute toxic effects, mainly neurological, ocular, and respiratory, of those living in exposed communities and among clean-up workers. 4. BPs stock fell by 52% in 50 days on the New York Stock Exchange, BP gas stations in the United States, the majority of which the company does not own, reported sales off between 10 and 40% due to backlash against the company. On 5 July 2010, BP reported that its own expenditures on the oil spill had reached $3.12 billion, including the cost of the spill response, containment, relief well drilling, grants to the Gulf states, claims paid, and federal costs. Due to the loss of the market value, BP had dropped from the second to the fourth largest of the four major oil companies by 2013 5. It was a massive spilling the Gulf of Mexico, the largest offshore spill in U.S. history. It was a result of the well blowouts that began with the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion on April 20, 2010, At 9:56 pm, Gas, oil and concrete from the Deepwater Horizon explode up the wellbore onto the deck and then catches fire. The explosion kills 11 platform workers and injured 17 others; another 98 people survive without serious physical injury 6. A massive response ensued to protect beaches, wetlands and estuaries from the spreading oil  utilizing skimmer ships, 7. BP LLP owned the well that blew up, Transocean Ltd owned the rig, and Halliburton Co. conducted the key tests right before the event. 8. Victims of oil spills have few methods available to them for receiving monetary compensation. To recover from any financial losses sustained due to the BP oil spill in 2010 their options are 1) an individual law suit in civil court, 2) a class-action law suit in civil court, or 3) the court approved settlement. BP created a compensation fund, Therefore a $20 billion fund was agreed upon for the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. 9. Senator Charles Schumer responded to the continuing Gulf oil leak by proposing new legislative action that would raise the liability BP could face for the disaster 1. 10. In the BP Oil Spill, more than 200 million gallons of crude oil was pumped into the Gulf of Mexico for a total of 87 days, making it the biggest oil spill in U.S. history. Causing it to be a very large geographic issue because of the gallons of oil that were pumped into our ocean.

Gender Representation in Film

Gender Representation in Film Gender is a significant reflection in development. Through it we can analyze how social norms and power structures influence on the lives and opportunities accessible to different groups of men and women. Gender analysis explores the way power is distributed between women and men, how it function, who uses it and for what reasons.In contrast to men, women control less both economical and political resources, such as property, employment and traditional positions of authority. This uneven distribution of gender relation of power is also represented in the media. Media, as a framework for interpretation and a message in the contemporary society, can have an imperative role in promoting or even obstructing gender equality, both within the working environment and in the representation of women and men. Women and men are often stereotyped and depicted unevenly by the media. Women and girls are positioned in underprivileged situations, for instance in passive and submissive roles whereas men and boys are portrayed to be more possessive in their occupations and more probable to thrive. According to Ferguson, the majority of female characters in the mass media â€Å"holds and uses private power as wives, mothers, partners† (Ferguson, 1990). Accordingly, traditional gender roles and power relations have been profoundly internalized in public’s sub consciousness through the mass media which limit the progress of both human personalities and social equality. Visual images especially, are arranged in a way that have the power to stir beyo nd the entertainment and evoke emotional responses by having a immense influence on our state of mind (Alcolaea -Bangas, 2008). As Berger (1992) pointed out â€Å"‘Like fish, we â€Å"swim† in a sea of images, and these images help shape our perceptions of the world and of ourselves†. An essential derivate of visual images are films which are adhered images together in order to create a story that transmit certain ideologies or ideas and has an impact in peoples lives. As Gerald Mast, a film scholar, affirmed, â€Å"there are fewer cultural products more influential in contemporary life than films†. Thus, those ideologies also shape our everyday perception of women. According to Dutt, Hollywood films’ portrayal of women sticked to the patriarchal structures, but later on, have veiled these messages under the faà §ade of female empowerment and independence (Dutt, 2014). According to many criticism power is at the central of a patriarchial society. Foss describes patriarchy as â€Å" a system of power relations in which men dominate women so that women’s interest are subordinates to those of man and they view themselves as inferior to men† (Foss, 1989). The portray of women can be seen in the way of how a film is constructed. Male charac ters play an active role and are shown as mentally and physically powerful. They are dominant guardians looking to â€Å"gaze† at women. On the other hand women are passive, dependent and in need for support. Furthermore a major criticism from feminist perspective has been towards the â€Å"male gaze†. Laura Mulvey used this concept to show the gender power assymety in film. Mulvey states that female are objectified in film because heterosexual men are in control of the camera. Thus, the man becomes as the dominant power inside the created film fantasy. The woman is submissive to the active gaze from the man. The use scopophylia, sexual satisfaction through viewing, to communicate adds an element of patriarchal system and it is regularly viewed in iIIusionistic narrative film (Mulvey, 1989). A very controversial representation of women can be traced in the early beginning of Hollywood era. Film Noir, is a term which is used to describe Hollywood crime dramas in 40’s and 50’s with cynical attidues and sexual motivations. During these era the concept of femme fatale flourished. The archetypal femme fatale of film noir use her sexual attractiveness and merciless manipulation to trick men in order to achieve power, money, or independence, or all of them at the same time (filmnoirstudies, 2008). Femme fatale refuses the conventional roles of devoted wife and cautious mother that mainstream society set down for women, and in the end her disobedience of social norms leads to her own distruction and the destruction of the men who are attracted to her (filmnoirstudies, 2008). Film noirs depiction of the femme fatale, according to film noir studies, aims to sustain the actual social order and especially its strictly defined gender roles by creating the powerful, inde pendent woman, only in the end to penalize her. Later during the period of 70’s and 80’s, in Hollywood, we had the muscle obsession. Blockbusters such as Rambo, Terminator, Leathal Weapon were produced where masculinity was over displayed. A dominant ideology of that time were the masculinist figure of gender that characterizes masculinity regarding the male warriorwith the attributes of great strenght, effective use of force, and military bravery as the main expressions. As Susan Bordo articulated ‘†¦muscles have mainly symbolized and maintain to symbolize masculine power as physical potency, regularly operating as a means of coding the naturalness of sexual difference. (Bordo, n.d). Genres as well assist in preserving stereotypes in cinema (Gledhill, 2012). For example, war, action, spy films are considered male film genres, and romantic, comedy film are female genres with a female protagonist. However, in the 90’s we saw the surfacing of some female actions heroes defined by a quality of â€Å"m asculinity†. Sigourney Weaver in Aliens, confronted those cultural norms. She was putted as Judith Butler would call a â€Å"gender performance† where she was required to perform the stereotypical â€Å"masculinity† as a strong and dominant warrior. Tasker (1998) articulates this â€Å"as an enactment of a muscular masculinity involving a display of power and strength over the body of the female performer† (Tasker, 1998). Nowadays, referring to Dutt, in most of the films women are obliged to incorporate everything. They must be tough and aggressive but also beautiful and sexy. This is the â€Å"empowered† woman of corporate consumer society’ (Dutt, 2014). For example in the film â€Å"The Devil Wears Prada†, women and power are main themes throughout the film. Female power relationships examined in the film shows how women exercise power effectively to race in the world of business. The film is a good illustration which shows how a women shatter through traditional gender stereo-types and exercise a leadership type associated with masculinity. The protagonist Miranda Priestley, is depicted as a powerful women often associated as the â€Å"devil† boss who is ruthless, demanding and very hard hard to please. The film prehending the way gender relations with leadership is practiced in the work-place. On the other hand, Juno, an independent non-Hollywood film gives a more realistic representation of women’s. The film is about a young girl who becomes pregnant during the high-school by his teen boy-friend. According to Dutt her character signify an rising cultural formulation of girl hood that have as a attribute independence and strength (Dutt, 2014). Juno is someone who is unconventional and indifferent with her appearance. She doesn’t care what others think of her and takes the decisions for herself. For instance, she doesn’t listen to her mother and boyfriend and decides to keep the baby. As Dutt points out, her agency marks a considerable progression for female portrayals in films. She embodies the ‘visual characterization of newly emerging constructions of girls that fuse particular aspects of traditional â€Å"femininity† and â€Å"masculinity†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(Dutt, 2014). References Alcolea-Banegas, J. (2008). Visual Arguments in Film.Argumentation, 23(2), pp.259-275. Berger, A. (1991). Seeing Is Believing: An Introduction to Visual Communication.The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 49(1), p.101. Bordo, S. (1999).The male body. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Dutt, R. (2014).Behind the curtain: women’s representations in contemporary Hollywood. MSC. London School of Economics. Ferguson, M. (1990). Images of power and the feminist fallacy.Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 7(3), pp.215-230. Filmnoirstudies.com, (2008).Film Noir’s Progressive Portrayal of Women – A Film Noir Studies Essay. [online] Available at: http://www.filmnoirstudies.com/essays/progressive.asp [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. Foss, S. (1989).Rhetorical criticism. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press. Mast, G. (n.d.).How to watch movies intellegently. [online] Bluffton.edu. Available at: http://www.bluffton.edu/~mastg/Watchingmovies.htm [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Mulvey, L. (1989).Visual and other pleasures. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Tasker, Y. (2002).Working girls. London: Routledge.

Health Pathway Case Study Essay examples -- Nursing and Midwifery Prof

This paper discusses the unsatisfactory professional conduct displayed by the Clinical Specialist nurse (CNS) in the provided case study. There are four main points of conduct that need to be discussed firstly the lack of an appropriate assessment of the patient’s condition being undertaken. Secondly the obvious lack of appropriate documentation that was recorded during and after the consultation. Thirdly the fact the medical officer (MO) was never informed nor did any requests be made for the doctor to examine the patient. Finally the illegal dispensing of an S11 prescription drug that being the Panadeine Forte the CNS gave to the client at the hospital and the packet she dispensed for him to take home. The nurse did not â€Å"practise in a safe and competent Manner† (2013, p. 2), â€Å"in accordance with the standards of the profession and broader health system† (2013, p. 2) nor did she†practise and conduct herself in accordance with the laws relevant t o the profession and practice of nursing† (2013, p. 2). These are Statements 1, 2 and 3 consecutively of the code of professional conduct for nurses in Australia. Unsatisfactory professional conduct can be defined as any practice under taken by a health professional which is deemed considerably below the standards expected of said professionals training and experience or includes any violations of National law, and/or breaches of the code of professional conduct for Nurses and Midwives in Australia (2013, p. 2) (Professional standards) (Definition of Unsatisfactory Professional Conduct and Professional Misconduct). In this case the CNS stated she had around twenty years’ experience in Emergency Nursing including taking an advanced trauma course (2012, p. 8)Thereby not acting within he... ...ved May 1st, 2014, from Australasian legal infromation institute: http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/repealed_act/nama1991223/s4.html planning, S. a. (2012, April 10th). Rural Adult Emergency Clinical Guidelines 3rd Edition Version 3.1 2012. Retrieved May 5th, 2014, from NSW government health: http://www0.health.nsw.gov.au/policies/gl/2012/pdf/GL2012_003.pdf Professional standards. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15th, 2014, from Nurses and midwifery board New south Wales: http://nursesstaging.elcom.com.au/professional-standards/default.aspx Services, L. a. (17, November 2013). Medication Handling in NSW Public Health Facilities. Retrieved May 10th, 2014, from NSW government Health: http://www0.health.nsw.gov.au/policies/pd/2013/pdf/PD2013_043.pdf Staunton, P. C. (2013). Law for Nurses and Midwives (7th ed.). (D. Vukelich, Ed.) Chatswood, NSW, Australia: ELsevier.

Salvador Dali: Influences Essay examples -- essays research papers

Perhaps one of the world's greatest artists is the Hispanic artist Salvador Dali. He won many awards and became very successful in his work as an artist. During his childhood and thereafter, during the Depression, Salvador Dali's artwork and personality were influenced by many different people and entities. Dali's personal life exhibited to his contemporaries and those who enjoyed his works after his lifetime the various influences that led to his artistry. During his childhood, his family life was difficult and operose. This had an extensive influence on Salvador and his artwork. His father opposed Salvador's chosen occupation. By the time the young wonder was twenty years old; his father had already disowned him. Both his mother and his father were embarrassed and disappointed by their son and his vocation. Dali's uncongenial side showed through in a painting titled The Enigma Of William Tell, which depicted Lenin nearly nude with a deformed buttock supported by a crutch. The group found this picture to be offensive because of the disrespect it showed to the proletariat. Dali's obsession with Hitler also angered the Surrealists and made the group demand explanations of his works. Within the same time period, Dali managed to offend the International Exhibition of Surrealist Art by wearing a diving suit to a convention and almost suffocating himself in the suit. On the other hand, Dali was also an achiever. He worked very hard on whatever he was doing to attain success.... Salvador Dali: Influences Essay examples -- essays research papers Perhaps one of the world's greatest artists is the Hispanic artist Salvador Dali. He won many awards and became very successful in his work as an artist. During his childhood and thereafter, during the Depression, Salvador Dali's artwork and personality were influenced by many different people and entities. Dali's personal life exhibited to his contemporaries and those who enjoyed his works after his lifetime the various influences that led to his artistry. During his childhood, his family life was difficult and operose. This had an extensive influence on Salvador and his artwork. His father opposed Salvador's chosen occupation. By the time the young wonder was twenty years old; his father had already disowned him. Both his mother and his father were embarrassed and disappointed by their son and his vocation. Dali's uncongenial side showed through in a painting titled The Enigma Of William Tell, which depicted Lenin nearly nude with a deformed buttock supported by a crutch. The group found this picture to be offensive because of the disrespect it showed to the proletariat. Dali's obsession with Hitler also angered the Surrealists and made the group demand explanations of his works. Within the same time period, Dali managed to offend the International Exhibition of Surrealist Art by wearing a diving suit to a convention and almost suffocating himself in the suit. On the other hand, Dali was also an achiever. He worked very hard on whatever he was doing to attain success....

Can Machines Think?

Can Machines Think ? This paper regards several points of view on the subject of, what is commonly referred to as Artificial Intelligence, or AI. AI is the attempt to make machines, specifically computers, perform intelligently through programming. Already, this definition has a problem in that the word intelligence can have many interpretations. This essay will attempt to put forward some ideas for how to approach this problem.It could be said that the human brain is nothing more than a machine, and as we know it to be capable of thought it would be fair to surmise that therefore machines can think and it is probably this, or a similar premise that inspired AI. However, within AI there are many schools of thought. Some believe that if a computer can be programmed correctly to emulate certain human processes, then it is to all intense and purposes thinking as we do.One of the early pioneers in the world of computers, Alan Turing, outlined a test in which participants are asked to int errogate a computer terminal in order to determine whether they are communicating with a human, or a computer program. Examples of programs which were put through the Turing test are ELIZA and SHRDLU both of which attempted to emulate one side of human conversation. But even if these programs did appear to be totally human, could they be said to actually be thinking ? John Searle(1984) puts forward a scenario in an attempt to devalue this idea.He refers to a program by Roger Schank at Yale university which, after being given a story will be able to answer questions regarding it. It would seem at the outset that this program would therefore be understanding the story. Searle then argues that despite not being able to understand Chinese, he would, under the correct circumstances, be able to answers Chinese questions in Chinese, relating to a story also written in Chinese. The scenario is summarised as follows; Sitting isolated in a room, Searle is given a wad of Chinese script, follow ed by another. In addition he is given a list of English rules, for correctly correlating the two.By simply following the English rules, he writes a third set of chinese words which he then returns to someone outside the room. If the first set of script was a story, the second a set of questions, he could be said to be answering the questions. In fact, from the point of view of someone standing outside the room, he would be correctly answering the questions, and thus would appear to be conversant in Chinese. This of course is not the case, as Searle would have no knowledge of what the story was about, and what the questions were asking – he would not be understanding the story.This argument is an attempt to demonstrate that although a computer program appears to be understanding a story, it is merely obeying simple instructions, and has no understanding at all. â€Å"In the linguistic jargon, they have only a syntax but no semantics† (Searle 1984) However, depending on hown one observes this problem, it can appear very differently. Regarding the entire room, the person in the room (to whom I shall refer for the sake of continuity of terms as a demon), the scripts and the person outside as a whole, we do have a system that is capable of reading and interpreting Chinese.Hofstadter extends this idea by modifying the scenario so as to shrink it to brain size, the scripts becoming neurons and so on. This effectively creates a system equivalent to the human brain. So what would be the difference between the two. Why would one be acceptable as a thinking system and one not ? Searle frequently refers to ‘causal properties' and ‘intentionality' stating that the artificial system proposed by Hofstadter would lack both of them, and that somehow the human brian has both.It is here where the subject of duality comes into the fore. Are the mind and the brain one and the same, or are they separate entities ? Many religions favour this dualist approa ch and refer to the mind, as it is in this instance, as a persons soul and regard it as being separate to the physical self. Whether the mind is separate or not, Searle's argument implies that the human brain has a mind, because of its natural causal properties, yet an artificial machine does not. But what are these natural causal properties, and from what do they derive ?Are they a result of the biological material from which the brain is made, are they a result of the brain's structure or are they a result of a breath of life from the lips of a god ? â€Å"Machines as simple as thermostats can be said to have beliefs, and having beliefs seems to be a characteristic of most machines capable of problem solving performance† (McCarthy 1979) At what point does a functioning machine gain intentionality ? Here Zenon Pylyshyn is cited from a reply made to Searle, to illustrate the complex connotations involved in the idea of the natural causal property of the brain. If more and mor e of the cells in your brain were to be replaced by integrated circuit chips, programmed in such a way as to keep the input-output function of each unit identical to that of the unit being replaced, you would in all likelihood just keep right on speaking exactly as you are doing now except that you would eventually stop meaning anything by it. What we outside observers might take to be words would become for you just certain noises that circuits caused you to make. Surely, the person in the above example would have conscious, intentional thought, despite being constructed from artificial parts. Or would this person simply be acting in the same role as the chinese room demon ? Another area rapidly developing in AI is Parallel Distributed Processing, or neural networks. These are complex structures that emulate the brains neural structure, and are usually modelled within a computer, although in theory there is nothing to stop them being constructed electronically, or even mechanically !The effect of a neural network is similar to that in Pylyshyn's example – an electronic replacement for a part of the brain. Functionally it operates almost identically to a brain and can be made to do tasks similar to those performed by Schank's story program. Could a neural network equivalent be said to have any more ‘causal properties' than just a computer program ? Searle acknowledges that since we are merely machines, it is possible that machines can think.However he finds the idea of a computer program thinking implausible. However, if we could model a brain, with atomic accuracy in a computers memory, for example in the form of a neural network, surely it would work in exactly the same way and would therefore be just as valid a thinker as a human. It seems that this whole debate rests its most basic principles on a belief; either one believes that our ‘intentionality' derives purely from our brain and its structure or one doesn't.Even if we ever do manage to construct an exact replica of a brain that appears to work identically to the real thing, how could we tell if it really is a conscious entity with true intentionality, or merely acting like the chinese room demon ? Indeed, how can we define conscious, and intentionality in that context. There must be a level of functioning or reasoning that we can use as a cut-off point for deciding whether or not something is alive and thinking. Descartes stated â€Å"I think. Therefore, I am†. But was he thinking, or merely following a mechanical pattern, with no real understanding of the words ? References Can Machines Think? Can Machines Think ? This paper regards several points of view on the subject of, what is commonly referred to as Artificial Intelligence, or AI. AI is the attempt to make machines, specifically computers, perform intelligently through programming. Already, this definition has a problem in that the word intelligence can have many interpretations. This essay will attempt to put forward some ideas for how to approach this problem.It could be said that the human brain is nothing more than a machine, and as we know it to be capable of thought it would be fair to surmise that therefore machines can think and it is probably this, or a similar premise that inspired AI. However, within AI there are many schools of thought. Some believe that if a computer can be programmed correctly to emulate certain human processes, then it is to all intense and purposes thinking as we do.One of the early pioneers in the world of computers, Alan Turing, outlined a test in which participants are asked to int errogate a computer terminal in order to determine whether they are communicating with a human, or a computer program. Examples of programs which were put through the Turing test are ELIZA and SHRDLU both of which attempted to emulate one side of human conversation. But even if these programs did appear to be totally human, could they be said to actually be thinking ? John Searle(1984) puts forward a scenario in an attempt to devalue this idea.He refers to a program by Roger Schank at Yale university which, after being given a story will be able to answer questions regarding it. It would seem at the outset that this program would therefore be understanding the story. Searle then argues that despite not being able to understand Chinese, he would, under the correct circumstances, be able to answers Chinese questions in Chinese, relating to a story also written in Chinese. The scenario is summarised as follows; Sitting isolated in a room, Searle is given a wad of Chinese script, follow ed by another. In addition he is given a list of English rules, for correctly correlating the two.By simply following the English rules, he writes a third set of chinese words which he then returns to someone outside the room. If the first set of script was a story, the second a set of questions, he could be said to be answering the questions. In fact, from the point of view of someone standing outside the room, he would be correctly answering the questions, and thus would appear to be conversant in Chinese. This of course is not the case, as Searle would have no knowledge of what the story was about, and what the questions were asking – he would not be understanding the story.This argument is an attempt to demonstrate that although a computer program appears to be understanding a story, it is merely obeying simple instructions, and has no understanding at all. â€Å"In the linguistic jargon, they have only a syntax but no semantics† (Searle 1984) However, depending on hown one observes this problem, it can appear very differently. Regarding the entire room, the person in the room (to whom I shall refer for the sake of continuity of terms as a demon), the scripts and the person outside as a whole, we do have a system that is capable of reading and interpreting Chinese.Hofstadter extends this idea by modifying the scenario so as to shrink it to brain size, the scripts becoming neurons and so on. This effectively creates a system equivalent to the human brain. So what would be the difference between the two. Why would one be acceptable as a thinking system and one not ? Searle frequently refers to ‘causal properties' and ‘intentionality' stating that the artificial system proposed by Hofstadter would lack both of them, and that somehow the human brian has both.It is here where the subject of duality comes into the fore. Are the mind and the brain one and the same, or are they separate entities ? Many religions favour this dualist approa ch and refer to the mind, as it is in this instance, as a persons soul and regard it as being separate to the physical self. Whether the mind is separate or not, Searle's argument implies that the human brain has a mind, because of its natural causal properties, yet an artificial machine does not. But what are these natural causal properties, and from what do they derive ?Are they a result of the biological material from which the brain is made, are they a result of the brain's structure or are they a result of a breath of life from the lips of a god ? â€Å"Machines as simple as thermostats can be said to have beliefs, and having beliefs seems to be a characteristic of most machines capable of problem solving performance† (McCarthy 1979) At what point does a functioning machine gain intentionality ? Here Zenon Pylyshyn is cited from a reply made to Searle, to illustrate the complex connotations involved in the idea of the natural causal property of the brain. If more and mor e of the cells in your brain were to be replaced by integrated circuit chips, programmed in such a way as to keep the input-output function of each unit identical to that of the unit being replaced, you would in all likelihood just keep right on speaking exactly as you are doing now except that you would eventually stop meaning anything by it. What we outside observers might take to be words would become for you just certain noises that circuits caused you to make. Surely, the person in the above example would have conscious, intentional thought, despite being constructed from artificial parts. Or would this person simply be acting in the same role as the chinese room demon ? Another area rapidly developing in AI is Parallel Distributed Processing, or neural networks. These are complex structures that emulate the brains neural structure, and are usually modelled within a computer, although in theory there is nothing to stop them being constructed electronically, or even mechanically !The effect of a neural network is similar to that in Pylyshyn's example – an electronic replacement for a part of the brain. Functionally it operates almost identically to a brain and can be made to do tasks similar to those performed by Schank's story program. Could a neural network equivalent be said to have any more ‘causal properties' than just a computer program ? Searle acknowledges that since we are merely machines, it is possible that machines can think.However he finds the idea of a computer program thinking implausible. However, if we could model a brain, with atomic accuracy in a computers memory, for example in the form of a neural network, surely it would work in exactly the same way and would therefore be just as valid a thinker as a human. It seems that this whole debate rests its most basic principles on a belief; either one believes that our ‘intentionality' derives purely from our brain and its structure or one doesn't.Even if we ever do manage to construct an exact replica of a brain that appears to work identically to the real thing, how could we tell if it really is a conscious entity with true intentionality, or merely acting like the chinese room demon ? Indeed, how can we define conscious, and intentionality in that context. There must be a level of functioning or reasoning that we can use as a cut-off point for deciding whether or not something is alive and thinking. Descartes stated â€Å"I think. Therefore, I am†. But was he thinking, or merely following a mechanical pattern, with no real understanding of the words ? References

Three major Sociology theories

There are three major sociology theories known as functionalism, conflict theory, and interactionist perspective. Symbolic interactionism is the use of symbols and is face-to-face interaction. Functionalism has to do with relationships between the parts of society and how the aspects of society are adaptive. The last, conflict theory is the competition of scarce resources and how the elite control the poor and week. The symbolic interactionist perspective which is known as symbolic interactionism directs sociologist to consider the symbols and details of everyday life, what these symbols mean, and how people interact with each other(1).George H. Mead Introduced this perspective to American sociology in the 1920s. According to this theory people attach meaning to symbols. An example of symbols are wedding bands, vows of life-long commitment, a white bridal dress, a wedding cake, a church ceremony, and flowers and music. These are all examples of symbols explain in the theory. Symbolic interactionist may miss the larger issue of society by focusing too closely on the â€Å"trees. † An example would be focusing too strongly on the size of the diamond in the wedding ring rather than the â€Å"forest,† which would be the quality of marriage.The functionalist perspective, known as functionalism, is when each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society’s functioning as a whole. This was brought to sociology by Emile Durkheim. The government, or state, provides the education for the children in the family, which in turn pays taxes on which the state depends to keep itself running. Functionalists believe that society is held together by social consensus, or cohesion, in which members of the society agree upon, and work together to achieve, what is best for society as a whole.Durkheim suggested that social consensus takes two different forms, mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity. Mechanical solidarity is a form of social co hesion that arises when people in a society maintain similar values and beliefs and engage in similar types of work. Organic solidarity is a form of social cohesion that arises when the people in a society are interdependent, but hold to carrying values and beliefs and engage in varying types of work.Karl Marx was the originated the conflict perspective, which focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. Unlike functionalists who defend the status quo, encourage social change, and believe rich and powerful people force social order on the poor and the weak. Conflict theorists find social conflict between and groups in which the potential for inequality exists: racial, gender, religious, political, economic, and so on.This constant competition between groups forms the basis for the ever-changing nature of society. I agree most with interactionist perspective because it fits me and what I believe. I believe at looking at the big picture not little stuff in the way. It is important to concentrate on the bigger picture. They are all good theories and each are made for different people I’m sure people agree and disagree with all the theories but that doesn’t mean they aren’t good in their own way.

Communication Within The Construction Industry Essay

Communication Within The Construction Industry - Essay Example In this context, it has been found that the Simon reports (1944, 1945, 1948) could be possibly regarded as a primary theoretical approach to the issue of communication in the construction industry. These reports refer to the â€Å"distribution of building materials, awareness of the problems faced and the contingency planning required to overcome post-war problems† (Emmitt et al., 2003, 12). In other words, there was an ‘indirect’ reference to the communication as a necessary element for the successful completion of a construction project. The study of the role of communication in the development of a construction project was expanded after the decade of 1960s while in the 1970s one of the most important studies appeared in the area is that of Broadbent’s Design and Architecture in 1973 which included â€Å"an entire chapter for the issue of communication† (Emmitt et al., 2003, 16). Another important study was also that of Paterson ‘Information Methods: For Design and Construction’ in 1977 which refer to the value of information towards the successful completion of a construction project. Other studies also followed in recent years emphasizing the need for effective communication in order to achieve the targets set in any construction project. Communication should be considered as an element of primary importance for the success of any construction project. In this context, it has been supported by Brown (2001, 1) that â€Å"communication has been cited by 25 per cent of all construction employers as a basic reason for failure†. On the other hand, it has been found that â€Å"differences in communication techniques, language and subsequent translation of the language into the design product mean that the existence of certain hurdles must be accepted; techniques need to be developed to ensure that they become simple obstacles, as opposed to

Contemporary Issues in Childhood - Late Motherhood Essay

Contemporary Issues in Childhood - Late Motherhood - Essay Example In almost all the parts of the world this issue has been discussed and debated upon amongst both the medical and non- medical people. Motherhood has been portrayed by the society and various exponents of literary genre as the noblest feeling that a woman experiences in her entire lifetime. It is true that it is a great feeling to be a mother, to rear a child with all her affection, doting on the child and bringing him/her up, but is the picture so simple and easy on either sides of the coin of motherhood? The complicated and multi faceted lifestyle of today’s women have raised the issues of late motherhood with more relevance than any other time, â€Å"Women’s physical and emotional experiences in childbirth are being drastically altered† (Woliver, 1991, p.482) in the last few decades. Many critics of late motherhood, including several medical personalities opine that it is the skyscraping ambitions of the modern woman that is pushing her to have a late conceptio n, around the age of 40 years and sometimes may be above. The impact of late motherhood on children cannot be ignored. Hence Campbell (2008) has rightly raised the question about the identity of these late mothers. In order to identify and address the complications that late motherhood brings to the lives of both the mother and the child, it is important to understand who these late mothers are. In UK, the late motherhood instances are running high. Prevalent growth in the employments of women, fall in reproductive standards or fertility rates and contemporary standard of living in Europe lead to the incidence of childbearing amongst the mothers in the age group of 35 – 49 years. The fertility rates of the women have been going through a drastic change in Europe that could be shown by a chart: These huge transformations in fertility rates and motherhood make at least one fact

English language learners lesson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

English language learners lesson - Essay Example It must be remembered that the aim of this process is to let the student express herself through the effective use of English. Anticipatory Set: It is anticipated that through this lesson, the teacher would be able to set the right mood for learning between her and the student. Through letting her speak for thirty minutes, it is rather expected that she [the student] would already have better chances of being at ease in class thus be able to set the kind of attitude that she needs to apply to learn more from the upcoming three and half hours ahead. Teaching: As noted earlier, this lesson is based upon the need of making the student speak for better evaluation on the part of the teacher. Considerably, it is through this process that the speaking approaches used by the student cold be carefully examined by the teacher as to which parts of speaking should she be assisted on. Guided Practice/ Monitoring: Through inquiring questions, the student would have a better chance following a specified pattern of discussion about her self and interests that had been further set by the teacher. Independent Practice: it shall be encouraged that the student handle a casual conversation with her peers as w... Guided Practice/ Monitoring: Through inquiring questions, the student would have a better chance following a specified pattern of discussion about her self and interests that had been further set by the teacher. Closure: To finish this phase of the lesson the teacher shall give an introduction to the second phase of the first lesson. Independent Practice: it shall be encouraged that the student handle a casual conversation with her peers as well. It might not be easy, but she should also be motivated to use the English language while she creates her own ideas during a conversational practice with her friends. Lesson 1:Part B Duration: 20-30 Minutes "Knowing the Teacher and Creating A Connection" Objective: the second phase shall allow the teacher to help his/her student know more about the personality of the individual that is sitting in front of her. This phase shall open the chance for the student to ask anything to the teacher hat she might be interested about. This phase shall set the mood of the student towards her instructor and towards the lesson later on. Standards: Let the student ask. If the student's role was to speak during the first phase of the first lesson, she is now encouraged to ask. This shall help her be more inquisitive in using the English language for beneficial and causal enquiry. Anticipatory Set: once this phase is applied, it is expected that the student would have better chances of making a great connection about her interests and the interests of her teacher giving her a better mood for the next lessons ahead. Teaching: Answering queries effectively and efficiently for the knowledge of the student is essential in this lessons so as to let the teacher set a pattern of answering

Homeland Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Homeland Security - Essay Example Osama encouraged the jihadist in Afghanistan to continue raging war towards United States and weakened it. The strategy was to encourage the people to rise against rulers he considered oppressive, as the USA would be weak and unable to support the rulers in the case of a revolt. Osama bin Laden considered the Arab spring as a formidable event due to the magnitude and momentum the event had gained and ousting of several rulers in Northern Africa. Osama bin Laden had no firm grip control over most regional Jihadist groups at the time of his death. He even wrote to the group’s pleading with them to change their tack ticks and avoid the senseless killing of Muslim brothers. The jihadist groups only swore allegiance to al-Qa`ida but were independent in the decisions made and the chain of command. Al-Qa`ida only provided training fields in Afghanistan but once the Jihadist left the camp they were at liberty with decision making and to act in any manner they like2. Donald Taylor and Michael King in their study describe radicalization process using five radicalization models but focus on three common traits in all the models. The three are important to their study as they relate directly to the main reason there are homegrown jihadists. These traits are the state of being in deprivation, personal characterizes that relate more to Jihadists ideology and personal struggle to find an identity. King and Taylor warn against using strategies and models that have not been validated can be counterproductive and because of the individuals feeling victimized. The two warn that most of these models were developed after 9/11 and are based ON social-psychological processes alone. The position adopted by many Jihadists is amendable since it mainly focuses n social issues and propaganda that can be counteracted. The narrative is also subject to empirical research in order to understand the main reason people join Jihadist movements. There is more to it than what meets the eye,

Why SOX and PCAOB came into existence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why SOX and PCAOB came into existence - Essay Example Apart from this, it needs that management evaluates the efficiency of internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, it requires independent auditor attest to, and report on management assessment of the internal controls. According to Northrup (2009), there are several implications of SOX on the accounting profession. One of the implications is that auditors of public companies are required to issue three opinions; an opinion on management’s assessment of internal controls over financial reporting, a view on whether the financial statements are presented fairly and their own appraisal about the efficiency of internal controls over financial reporting. The main intension of SOX is to protect investors by improving reliability and accuracy of corporate disclosure that are made pursuant to the security rules, and for other reasons. Objective of PCAOB is to oversee the auditors of governmental organizations and companies so as to protect the interest of the preparation of informative, independent and fair audit reports. Moeller (2008) asserts that the rules inflicted on the accounting occupation by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) require sovereign auditor to evaluate the efficiency of the internal controls over financial reporting by the use of a method of recognition. It releases Audit Standard No. 2 which describes internal controls over financial reporting, and management responsibilities which are being set out. This audit standard emphasize on the importance of the Environment control and Anti-Fraud Programs and Controls in assessing internal control over financial reporting. The PCAOB develop some issues which are related to the registration and reporting of public accounting firms, inspections, professional standards, investigations and adjudications. SOX and PCAOB have recognized the significance of the assessment of the Control Environment and Anti-Fraud Programs and control to the

Teen Pregnancy Prevention Strategy Essay Example for Free

Teen Pregnancy Prevention Strategy Essay The increase on Teenage Pregnancy had been a problem in the United States which became a leading social issue until 1998. Teenage Pregnancy pertains to a situation wherein an under-aged (15 years old below but in the United Kingdom, below 18 years old) girl gets pregnant (Cherry, 2001). Among the causes or factors that affect the increase of teenage pregnancy incidents, particularly in the U.S. are the following: adolescent sexual behavior, statutory rape, sexual abuse, dating violence, socioeconomic factors (e.g. prostitution), childhood environment, and commentator and public opinion. These are the major factor roots of teenage pregnancy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to solve the problem, the government must be able to track the aforesaid factors and must be able to address the immediate concerns that motivate the under-aged girl to become oriented on sexual relationships. The government must implement a policy which would lessen the chances that the youth would become exposed to premarital sexual affairs. Enforcing ordinances such as curfew, and strict prohibition on minors to use alcohol and illegal drugs, would really help in minimizing the instances of sexual abuse, dating violence, prostitution, and other notable roots of teenage pregnancy (Luker, 1997). Furthermore, the government must be able to fully address the cases of child abuse, statutory rape, and other crimes against under-age girls.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the part of the parents, they must be able to monitor their children’s activities as well as their companions in order to prevent them from instances like teen-date rape, sexual harassment, and the likes. Parents must realize their vital role in shaping their child’s consciousness (Cherry, 2001). Hence, they must really know their children very well as well as their personal problems. Furthermore, secondary influences such as the school, church and community must do their job to guide the youth and help the government in the implementation of its policies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Certainly, the government has the power and authority to set rules so as to aid in reducing the cases of teenage pregnancy. For the main reason that they are the ones who legislate, interpret and execute laws (Luker, 1997), they really have the responsibility to make sure that teenage pregnancy is really being dealt with. By the laws that the government has passed, interpreted and implemented, communities would be monitored well and the instances of sexual harassment would be diminished. Instructing the schools to regularly conduct behavior analysis, and developmental activities (Cherry, 2001) for the benefit of the youth would prevent them from being exposed to sexual activities and enlightening them about the ill consequences of early motherhood or early parenthood. The use of contraceptives (Luker, 1997) should be promoted by the government to ensure that there would be a small chance that would lead to early pregnancy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With regards to the use of contraceptives, the Church and some moralists view it as something that opposes their moral standard (Cherry, 2001). However, the government must be able to talk with these groups and sectors and make them realized that though the government promote the use of contraceptives, they are not encouraging the youth to participate or get involved with sexual activities. This is where the strict implementation emerges.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The schools, in cooperation with the community and the government, must conduct a joint project or program that introduces the youth to activities like sports and livelihood developments in order to divert the attention of the youth from sexual activities to more community-based affairs. Symposia and seminars are useful in enlightening and informing the youth, the parents, as well as the whole community (e.g. school, church) about the disadvantages of teenage pregnancy and the measures that would help them avoid such situation. In a summary, teenage pregnancy can really be resolved provided that the government and all the concerned groups must initiate, participate on and maintain measures which deject teenage pregnancy. References Cherry, A. L. (2001). Teenage Pregnancy: A Global View. Greenwood Press. Luker, K. (1997). Dubious Conceptions: The Politics of Teenage Pregnancy. Harvard University  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press.

Urbanization: An analysis

Urbanization: An analysis 2.1 Urbanization 2.1.1 Current discourse in urbanization concept Urbanization is growing in most part of the world in line with technological discovery and human civilization. The rapid urbanization began at England’s industrial capitalism (Clark, 1998) at the end of 18th century and it spread rapidly after the use of coal for the industry primary raw material and a better transportation system (Hall, 1994). In developing world, urbanization started in 1950 after the Second World War (Crenshaw, 1991) and it is growing everywhere now especially in Africa and Asia. United Nation’s report indicated that by 2050, most population will be concentrated in cities and towns of developing countries. By this year, if Africa and Asia continue their current rapid growths, 50 percent of the population will live in urban areas and in 2010 it is predicted that the urban population is higher than the rural one (figure 2.1) Figure 2.1 Urban and rural population of the world, 1950 2030 (Source: Junaidi, 2006) There are four existing definitions for urbanization concept that mostly be the attention of urban planners. First, urbanization is seen as a process in which there have occurred transferring ideas and practices from urban areas into surrounding hinterlands. Second, urbanization is viewed as the increase both in behavior and problems considered to be urban types of rural area. The third, urbanization is related with the process of population concentration in which it is found the increasing ratio of the urban population to the total population (Phren. K. P, 1962) and the fourth, urbanization is seen as the combination of densification or the increase of density of people and building unit and the outward spread of people and built areas (Forman, T. www.cambridge.org). However, all of these definitions are interelated that all the urban planner needs to consider them in urban planning process integratedly. There are many related concepts involved from these in defining urbanization definition. From economic point of view, urbanization tend to connect it with labor division; demography related with density and population size, sociologic regarding to the way of living, and the last is geography from characteristics of the built up environment (Crenshaw, 1991). However, most analysts agree that demography is the basic criterion in differentiate urban and rural area (Clark, 1998, White, 1994, UNECA, 1968) because the population growth, including population density change, are the most quantified way to see the growth of an area. The most common example is United Nation that also uses the population size to standardize the urban localities and city among the nations. Mostly literatures argue that the driving force for urbanization is economic reason (Clark, 1998; Crenshaw, 1991, Jeremias, 1988), but there is a difference in the background of which. In developed world, rapid urbanization occurred because of industrial revolution, capitalism, and the invention of technology and a better transportation system while in developing countries, urbanization tend to occur because of economic imperial. The developing countries’ cities were previously prepared for supporting the economic interest of the powerful regime to earn money, to expand and control foreign trade, to create new markets for products and to acquire raw materials and cheap labor (Crenshaw, 1991). Many specific reasons for the driving force of urbanization and the traditional literature categorized them as push and pull factors. The push factor occurred because of the pressure of poverty problem and environment degradation in rural area. The poverty occurs because of limited job opportunities, limited land for agriculture and other natural resources limitation. The pull factor is related to the attraction of urban area for a better life. It is often related to a wider job opportunity, higher economic growth, better services and modern facilities (Baiquni, 2004). From this pull and push factors, it could be seen the disparities between urban and rural area are the main reason making more and more population concentrated in urban area. 2.1.2 Urbanization determinant The proximate determinants of urban growth can be grouped into three categories: firstly, the total population; secondly, rapid economic growth; and the third, percentage of built up area and areal extend (White, 1994). Population size The more population size of an area, the more urbanized it will be and it is positively related to the growth of urbanization (Rogers, 1982). The increasing of population size is caused by both migration and mortality. Migration flows occur because of employment availability in nearby cities and towns, ethnic connections in particular cities, the roads development and the accessibility of transportation (Connell et al, 1976). Some researches stated that the economic imbalance resulting wage disparities in urban and rural is a major reason for high levels of rural-to-urban migration. The size of population in urban area will be in line with the needs of water for these urban dwellers. Economic growth It appears that rapid economic growth related to urbanization (Becker Morrison 1988, Preston, 1979) that the urbanization level of an area can be marks by its rapid economic growth. Mostly in urban area people do not work in agriculture sector as in rural area, but in service and manufacture. The manufacture developments in urban area have triggered the employment opportunities for rural people to come, and a higher wage offered by manufacture sectors compared to the agriculture ones results in a better economic condition and quality of life. The quality of life will also influence to the water consumption quantity and quality. Percentage of built up area The urban characteristic can be seen from the density of people and the increase of building units. The sign is can be seen from the reduction of green spaces or the changing from low to high-rise apartment buildings. Other sign of urbanization is the city grows by expanding outward. Cities may also urbanize by rolling over suburbs, and suburbs urbanize by rolling over farmland or natural land (Crenshaw, 1991). The changing of landsape by built up environment will be related with the number of recharge area and wastewater quantity that will influence the groundwater. 2.2. Groundwater system on earth Groundwater constitutes about 98 percent of water on earth and both its storage and flow is one of the key elements of natural water systems (Foster, S, 1998). This fact makes groundwater an essential element to human life and economic activities. The details about groundwater hydrology are beyond the scope of this discussion, but a general overview will be presented. Figure 2.2. Hydrology Cycle Source: http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/stratplan2003/final/graphics/images/SciStratFig5-1.jpg Groundwater is water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and including one component of the earth’s water cycle. The water cycle is called the hydrologic cycle and it involves the movement of water as rain, snow, water vapor, surface water and groundwater. The earth’s water is constantly circulating from the earth’s surface up into the atmosphere and back down again as precipitation. When rain falls, a part of it infiltrates the soil. A proportion of this water will be taken up by plants while some will infiltrate more deeply, accumulate above an impermeable bed, saturate the pore space of the ground, and finally form an underground reservoir. This underground reservoir is called an aquifer, a place from which significant quantities of water can be abstracted for human needs. An aquifers productivity to store and transmit water are not the same, it depends on the fundamental characteristic of its constitute. Some of which are granular sediment such as sand, cement sediment such as sandstone and limestone, rock and fracture rock. The ground above an aquifer through is called the vadose zone; it is where the excess rainfall passed vertically. The level to which the ground is fully saturated is known as the water table. The nature, the occurrence of groundwater and the movement of water trough groundwater system is shown in the figure 2.2. 2.3 Urbanization and groundwater resources 2.3.1 Current Discourse Urbanization has been recognized as a trigger of social and environmental problems (Dogan Kasarda 1988, Timberlake 1985). The rapid expansion in groundwater exploitation of many industrialized nations occurred during 1950–1975 while in in most parts of the developing world it occurred during 1970–1990 (Zektser Margat 2003). The groundwater is estimated to provide at least globally 50% of current potable water supplies; 40% of the demand from industries, and 20% for water use in irrigated agriculture (Foster, 1998). These proportions vary widely from country to country and within countries depending on human activities on it. The groundwater is generally the main water resource to be tapped for urban dweller needs if a city has productive aquifers (Minciardi, 2007; Somma. 1997; Hiscock, 2002). This is because the groundwater has an excellent natural quality with significant savings in treatment costs compared to other surface water source. Other reason is because groundwater is a more secure source of water supply during long dry periods compared to the surface water resources (Clark, 1998, Ohgaki, 2007). Groundwater is also a suitable for public supply and independent private use, especially during the early stages of development (Foster, 1998). Two common methods for urban aquifer exploitation are by hand-dug wells and drilled boreholes (Foster, 1998). Hand-dug wells are usually less than 20 meters depth with diameters of 1 meter or more. In this method, the water is usually abstracted manually or by small pumps. The water supply boreholes are mechanically drilled, usually having smaller diameter than hand-dug wells, but much deeper ranging from 20 to 200 meters or more in depth. These two methods if developed in uncontrolled manner will cause groundwater depletion as it has occurred in many urban cities over the world (Ohgaki, 2007; Minciardi, 2006; Foster.S.S.D, 2001). 2.3.2 Urbanization impact to groundwater resources It has been identified that urbanization results in aquifer depletion, saline intrusion, and land subsidence, changing patterns and rates of aquifer recharge and affecting the quality and quantity of groundwater (Foster, 1998, White, 1994, Ohgaki, 2007, Minciardi, 2006). In this discussion the overall focus will be on the depletion of groundwater quantity related urbanization. Figure 2.2. Urban development and its impact to water resources Source: (Foster, 1998) From the figure above, it could be seen the urban development and its impact on the changing of urban groundwater. In the beginning, all cities evolve from small settlements; formal or informal. In this stage, the city dwellers can abstract groundwater using shallow well and boreholes as the groundwater is still abundant. As the infrastructure for wastewater either has not been adequate yet or less than the population needs, the wastewater starts discharging to the ground and starts to pollute the groundwater supply. When the town becomes city, the need of water supply is getting higher resulting from rapid urban population growth in contrast with the decline of groundwater supply. As the result, the well is deepened and there has been occurrence of land subsidence because of more urban dwellers do this deepening. The wastewater is still continuing to pollute the groundwater. The city then expands in line with the urbanization trend resulting to more water needed, more contaminant enters groundwater system and water table rises beneath the city. The urban dwellers start abandons their groundwater resources while the groundwater exploitation of hinterlands area as the alternate sources are getting higher. Because of the storage capacities of most aquifers are large, there is often a major time lag before the problems of groundwater depletion, water table rise and groundwater pollution becomes fully apparent (Foster, 1998). Further, there is increasing water supply scarcity with higher marginal costs for urban water supply. At the end, the traditional use groundwater that is low cost, minimally treated, and abundant for public water supply in urban areas is being threatened. Groundwater depletion The abstraction of groundwater has proved to be the cause of a qualitative decline in water levels. If abstraction is limited, the water level will be stabile at a new equilibrium. However, if occurs either a heavy or and concentrated groundwater withdrawal until it exceeds the local recharge, the water level may continue to decline over many years. As the result, there will be spreading of depress water level, land subsidence, water quality deterioration, sea water intrusion, up-coning and induced leakage of polluted water from the surface (Foster, 1998; Wangsaatmaja, 2006; Braadbaart, 1997) Mostly the problems and causes of aquifer depletion and contamination are clear while immediate solutions are not. General solutions involve some combination of increased recharge rate, reduced consumption rate, efficiency gains, and reduced or eliminated contaminant sources (Vo, 2007, Venkatesh Dutta, Foster.S.S.D, 2001). For example, reducing the velocity of runoff and providing time for recharge could enhance groundwater supplies significantly and at the same time reduce land-based sources of pollution to receiving waters. Land subsidence Land subsidence occurs for a variety reasons, but natural and manmade groundwater abstraction is one of the most contributor to this condition. The remedying efforts of the land subsidence impact involve a high economic cost (Foster, 1998). It is because differential subsidence damages roads, buildings, and other surface structures and it can seriously disrupt underground services such as water mains and water pipelines, sewers, cable conduits, tunnels, and subsurface tanks. In cities located on flat topography, subsidence can disrupt the drainage pattern of rivers and canals and can increase the risk of flooding. The land subsidence effects can be more serious in coastal areas because it can increase the risk of inundation (Hiscock, 2002). Saline intrusion The uncontrolled aquifer exploitation will impact on saline intrusion and it is usually occurs in coastal area. When the groundwater levels fall, the water flow direction change occurs. For thin and alluvial aquifers, this condition results in the formation of wedge shaped pattern and but in the thicker ones, salinity inversions often occur with intrusion of sea water in near-surface aquifer and fresh groundwater in deeper area. Once salinity has diffused into the pore water, its elution will take decades or centuries. Induced pollution Uncontrolled exploitation has consequences to contaminate the deeper aquifer. This induced pollution is caused by inadequate well construction, vertical pumping-induced, and sewage. Some rapidly developing cities have provided mains sewerage and generate large volumes of wastewater but this wastewater is normally discharged untreated or with minimal treatment to surface watercourses. It especially occurs in more arid climates (Anderson, 1987). 2.4 Urbanization Impact on groundwater management policy Although groundwater is the source of drinking water for most people, it is often ignored and taken for granted in urban planning program. The problem was expressed this way by the US Water Council in 1980: â€Å"The role of groundwater in water supply often has been slightenend in the past, one reason being believed that groundwater couldnot be adeqately evaluated in terms of avalibility, chemical quality, economics, or injuctive supply with surface water resources. However, substantial progress in groundwater analitical capability in recent years has made the resources more amanable to rational planning and management operation† (US Water Council in Grigg, 1996) Urban groundwater problems evolve over many years or decades as the result of slow the respond to most groundwater problem. The groundwater depletion and pollution problem are usually solved in incremental way by abandoning the shallow wells and replacing them with deeper boreholes to the aquifer (Grigg, 1996). However, this approach may only provide a temporary solution and if the urban planners continue this method, the groundwater supply will be in more stress condition. Therefore, the more comprehensive and sustainable groundwater planning and management approaches are needed to be developed (Tellman). 2.4.1 Groundwater Management Many literatures define groundwater management differently. Some emphasizes on the technical aspect such as engineering and hydrology, some are the process of managing and some others are the combination of them. However, the common similarity is on their objective that groundwater management is prepared to ensure that groundwater resources are managed in a fair, equitable and sustainable manner (Hiscock, 2002; Ohgaki, 2007; Minciardi, 2006;Venkatesh Dutta). Groundwater management can be defined as a number of integrated actions related to both natural and managed of groundwater pumping and recharge to achieve the long-term sustainability. California government in 2003 DWR Bulletin 118 2003 defines groundwater management as a set of activities including the planned and coordinated monitoring, operation, and administration of a groundwater basin or portion of a groundwater basin with the goal for long term sustainability of the resource. As the result, the groundwater management involves a number of engineering disciplines including survey and monitoring, geological interpretation, hydrological assessments, hydrogeological modeling, chemical and geochemical assessments and optimization. Groundwater management also deals with a complex interaction between human society needs and physical environment and it presents a difficult problem of policy design (Foster.S.S.D, 2001; Somma, 1997). For example, aquifers are exploited by human decisions for sustaining their lives and overexploitation cannot always be defined in technical terms, but as a failure to design and implement adequate institutional arrangements to manage people who exploit the groundwater resource. Common pool resources have been typically utilized in an open-access framework because of the characteristics of groundwater resources (Somma, 1997). When no one owns the resources, the users do not have any obligation to conserve for the future, and as the result, self-interest of individual users leads them to overexploitation. Groundwater management is a debated issue with very few examples of effective action on groundwater resources. However there some approaches that several studies concluded them as a successful groundwater methods, for example, sustainable groundwater development and management in the overexploited regions is treated by combining artificial recharge to groundwater and rainwater harvesting; management of salinity ingress in coastal aquifers; conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater; water conservation by increasing water-use efficiency; regulation of groundwater development.. Further, there also innovative methods of recharging the groundwater and storing water in floodplain aquifers along the river banks to enhance the ultimate irrigation potential from groundwater. The following four steps are essential for most groundwater management cases. Firstly, there must be regular and accurate assessment of actual groundwater use in both rural and urban areas to correlate with recharge and extraction. Secondly, expansion should be strictly monitored. Thirdly, separation of feeders for domestic and agricultural power and the fourth, ways must be explored to empower and entrust the communities to manage the groundwater uses. Development of groundwater management is usually begun by an assessment of groundwater problems and management issues, a compilation of groundwater management tools, an identification of action to address issues and problems, selection of the management plan and a discussion of implementation aspects of the plan. Mostly, the suitable groundwater management approaches are identified at the local water agency level and directly resolved at the local level. However, the State also has role in providing technical and financial assistance to local agencies for their groundwater management efforts. The Department publishes a regulatory framework for groundwater management to ensure that the groundwater resources are maintained and used in an orderly, equitable, and sustainable manner. If groundwater management is obeyed and the problem cannot be directly resolved at the local agency level, there is usually an additional actions such as enactment by local governments or decisions by the cou rts. 2.4.2 Sustainable groundwater management Groundwater is an important source of clean drinking water in many areas because of its characteristics, but mostly a sustainable management has not yet been established for this resource. Natural water bodies have become the place for storing human activities products, such as wastewater and other industrial pollution, causing little natural water storage capacity left. The sustainable groundwater management needs to involve a larger management system including the development of alternative surface water supplies, reallocation among economic uses of water, and regulatory limits on abstraction. Like other water resources management and other environment issues, all elements of active aquifer management must involve stakeholder participation and whole basin analysis. It means that sustainable groundwater management should take place on various levels, starting from the localized borehole owner and user to the regional aquifer, basin and catchment area. At the end, the groundwater development will much depend on management principles applied by Local authorities, Government and Inter Governmental development planning and management strategies. By taking appropriate measure, sustainable groundwater management development can be built. In urban planning practice these measures tend to reduce sewer overflows, improve the quality of treatment plant effluent and prevent falling water tables in areas around towns, cities, and the hinterlands. 2.4.3 Major approaches in sustainable groundwater management The literature generally literatures found that the approaches for sustainable groundwater management are divided into spatial and a-spatial approaches as below. The most common similarity in these approaches is that one method cannot stand alone but must be integrated and connected with other disciplines and other sectors. Integrating sustainable groundwater in spatial planning and management a.1) The use of `Hydrological Design Principles This approach involves zoning related to the catchment planning approach, the location approach, and buffering approach. The `Hydrological Design Principles as a basis for making spatial planning decisions or design of land use patterns is the most common approaches for groundwater management. The Catchment Planning Approach objectives are both to adjust land uses or activities with environmental requirements in the catchment area or drainage basin and to prevent peak discharges. This is implemented by allocating land use profiles to each catchment area and by taking account to maintain or increase the catchment areas’ water storage capacity. The attention to be paid is to both water quality and quantity aspects, which are to be managed with the most important goal for achieving an ecological balance with the land use activities. The Location Approach’s aims are to order the various land uses and activities within each catchment area so that the affect occurs is as little as possible to each of them. In this approach, the land uses that have greater demands on water quality are located upstream of more polluting ones, while the more vulnerable uses is located in areas of groundwater seepages. The clean land use activities are placed in the infiltration areas. The Buffering Approach is used to give chance the land uses with incompatible environmental requirements to co-exist. A well-known example at the local level is the hydrological buffering of natural sites from surrounding agricultural land. This can be achieved through appropriate design and management measures that can be implement in a relatively easy and quick manner. a.2) Integrating land use activities, groundwater systems and the environment The approaches are by water storage, habitat creation and natural water treatment combined with new urban development. In many places where the abstraction of drinking water causes damage to nature, water may be abstracted elsewhere instead, for example is in the hinterlands of that area. In some cases, groundwater abstraction should be stopped regarding to riverbank filtration. Water from the river can be pumped into the ground under the banks and later abstracted when it has been sufficiently filtered by passing through the sand and clay in the sub-soil. Raising storage capacity in the river basin through habitat creation, landscaping and establishing outdoor recreation areas are also other approaches for this method. The groundwater system had double function for human life. a.3) Ensuring enough room for water: Catch water where it falls It is mostly done in the areas around the main rivers or flood prone area. It can be in line with habitat protection because the raising the water storage capacity by lowering the ground level of the river or moving back the dikes back offer opportunities for nature development. The widening ditches and raising the drainage level can increase the water storage capacity. As the result, more room for water and the rainwater can be infiltrated into the soil instead of being drained away as quickly as possible to the sewer. An advantageous effect of giving water more room is the greater opportunity it presents to make use of natural filtration and water purification processes. a.4) Controlling subsurface contaminants load and ensuring sufficient clean water Water pollution problems can be partially minimized or controlled by delineating source protection zones around major groundwater catchment areas. On the other hand, there are some related approaches such as firstly; appropriate planning provisions or mitigation measures to reduce contaminants load in particular areas, especially where aquifer is highly vulnerable. Secondly, to moderate the subsurface contamination to acceptable levels by considering the vulnerability of local aquifers to pollution, land use planning to reduce potential pollution sources. Thirdly by selecting controls over effluent discharges and other existing pollution sources and the fourth is by planning waste water treatment or landfill disposal sites regarding to groundwater interests and impacts. Integrating sustainable groundwater in a-spatial planning and management b.1) Institutional management To improve groundwater management, a strong institutional framework is prerequisite. Regarding to groundwater characteristics, an ideal institutional framework should to include legislation to provide clear definition of water use rights that is separate from land ownership. It could be implemented through granting of licenses and tax for groundwater exploitation in a specified manner. Other approach is by regulating and supervising the discharge of liquid effluents to the ground, the land disposal of solid-wastes, and other potentially polluting activities with a need legal consent or planning approval. Some literatures also presented about the behavior change and prospectus in groundwater that is believed can be last longer than the technical approaches. b.2) Demand side management Groundwater management not only requires adequate assessment of available resources and hydrogeology by understanding of interconnection between surface and groundwater system, but also actions required for proper resource allocation and prevention of the adverse effects of uncontrolled development of ground water resources for short and long term. One of the important strategies for this is a-spatial sustainable management of groundwater by regulating the groundwater development in critical areas using demand side approach. Management of demand means managing efficiency of water use, interaction among economic activities that is adjusted with water availability. In demand side management, socio economic dimension plays an important role that it also involves the managing the users of water and land. It is because the regulatory interventions in demand side management such as water rights and permits and economic tools of water pricing will not be successful if the different user groups are not fully involved. As the result, for achieving effective management of groundwater resources, there is a need to create awareness among the different water user groups and workout area specific plans for sustainable development. From among these two characteristics, it can be concluded that there are two emerging broad types of management approaches for groundwater. Firstly, approaches including tools such as power pricing, subsidies for efficient technologies, economic policies discouraging water intensive crops, etc. Secondly, approaches dealing with specific aquifers on the basis of command and control management through a resource regulator. Whichever approach is adopted, the development and management of these resources must be based on an adequate knowledge of a clear comprehensive situation of groundwater aquifer system and its replenishment. Contents CHAPTER II 1 URBANIZATION AND GROUNDWATER PLANNING 1 2.1 Urbanization 1 2.1.1 Current discourse in urbanization concept 1 2.1.2 Urbanization determinant 3 a) Population size 3b) Economic growth 3c) Percentage of built up area 42.2. Groundwater system on earth 4 2.3 Urbanization and groundwater resources 5 2.3.1 Current Discourse 52.3.2 Urbanization impact to groundwater resources 6a) Groundwater depletion 8b) Land subsidence 9c) Saline intrusion 9d) Induced pollution 92.4 Urbanization Impact on groundwater management policy 9 2.4.1 Groundwater Management 102.4.2 Sustainable groundwater management 122.4.3 Major approaches in sustainable groundwater management 12a) Integrating sustainable groundwater in spatial planning and management 13a.1) The use of `Hydrological Design Principles 13a.2) Integrating land use activities, groundwater systems and the environment 13a.3) Ensuring enough room for water: Catch water where it falls 14a.4) Controlling subsurface contaminants load and ensuring sufficient clean water 14b) Integrating sustainable groundwater in a-spatial planning and management 15b.1) Institutional management 15b.2) Demand side management 15